I simply wanted to clarify a common miss-perception when it comes to rewarding behavior. On page 22, you use the term “negative reinforcement” when the term “punishment” is indicated. These two are commonly confused but the explanation is straightforward. Punishment, when applied contingently, reduces or stops a behavior from occurring. Negative reinforcement, like positive reinforcement, INCREASES a behavior; in the case of negative reinforcement, its removal increases behavior.

Think of the removal of an aversive stimulus. The discomfort or pain goes away when a behavior occurs. The behavior will become more likely. Punishment is hard to control and can have widespread and unanticipated consequences. Negative reinforcement can only be recognized when the behavior actually increases — not all things are negative or even punishing across different individuals.

“Losing points” as a result of (something) is punishment. Having a negative or aversive thing STOP because of some behavior is negative reinforcement. Having something positive result because of a desired behavior is positive reinforcement. All three things are common and controllable to some extent but, in actuality, you can only determine what acted as what based on the behavior that is observed.

Playing country music as a reaction to pressing a button might be positive reinforcement or punishment. If the behavior increased when they choose to STOP that music, it can be assumed to be aversive and unliked. (grin) Many people think that country music is actually an oxymoron.

Have fun out there!